内视镜(输尿管镜)治疗。 使用与诊断时相同的细软内视镜(输尿管镜),可将激光沿输尿管向上送入,就地摧毁小型肿瘤——皮肤上没有任何切口。这最适合小型、低分级的表浅肿瘤(一般为小于 3 cm 的低分级 Ta 肿瘤)。它不适合高分级肿瘤,因为这类肿瘤行为较具侵袭性,需要更确定性的治疗。由于这类肿瘤可能复发,内视镜治疗后需定期以重复的 输尿管镜检查监测,必要时再次治疗。
Birtle AJ, Jones R, Chester J, et al. Improved disease-free survival with adjuvant chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial cancer: final results of the POUT trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(13):1466-1471. PMID 38350047 (original report: Birtle A, Johnson M, Chester J, et al. Lancet. 2020;395(10232):1268-1277).
Bajorin DF, Witjes JA, Gschwend JE, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab versus placebo in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (CheckMate 274). N Engl J Med. 2021;384(22):2102-2114. PMID 34077643。
Apolo AB, Ballman KV, Sonpavde G, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus observation in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (AMBASSADOR / A031501). N Engl J Med. 2025;392(1):45-55. PMID 39282902。
Further guidance and patient information: European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma, 2025 update. uroweb.org · American Urological Association (AUA/SUO) Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Non-Metastatic Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. auanet.org · National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines: Bladder Cancer / Upper Tract Tumours (current version). nccn.org · British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) — patient information. baus.org.uk · Cancer Research UK — patient information. cancerresearchuk.org · UpToDate — 用以核实本内容准确性的临床参考资料。 uptodate.com。